What characterizes seed rots before germination?

The presence of seeds that are soft, brown, and may have fungi is a clear indication of seed rots before germination. This characteristic points to seeds that have succumbed to unfavorable conditions, often due to excess moisture or pathogens in the soil, which can lead to decay. The softness indicates that the seeds are breaking down, while the brown coloration often suggests that they are dying or dead as a result of fungal infections. Fungi can proliferate in damp environments and attack seeds, suppressing their ability to germinate and preventing healthy growth.

In contrast, the other options depict seeds or conditions that do not align with the characteristics of seed rot. For example, seeds that are green and sprouting or have visible root systems are actively growing and have successfully undergone germination. Firm and dry seeds indicate that they are healthy and remain viable, having not been affected by rot. Thus, option B accurately describes the specific condition of seeds undergoing rot prior to germination.